UK: Corticosteroid therapy is commonly used in preterm infants requiring ventilator support. A recent study published in The Journal of Physiology found that treatment of these babies with a lower dexamethasone dose leads to less time on ventilators but also exerts beneficial effects on blood circulation to the lungs, influencing improved cardiorespiratory outcomes.

In the United Kingdom 60,000 babies are born prematurely each year. Many of them will be treated with steroids, such as dexamethasone sodium phosphate, to aid with lung development. The study showed that treating these babies with a lower dose of dexamethasone, not only leads to less time on ventilators, but for the first time, notes its beneficial effects on blood circulation to the lungs, influencing better cardiorespiratory outcomes.
Babies born before the 28th week of pregnancy are classed as extremely preterm. These babies have under developed lungs and require mechanical ventilation to keep them alive. To speed up lung development and to allow weaning from ventilator support, these babies are routinely given systemic corticosteroids, such as dexamethasone sodium phosphate (Dex), which reduces inflammation and aids ventilation. However, in high doses (5-10mg per kilo for six weeks) Dex can lead to significant thickening of the walls of the heart and developmental issues in infants.
Researchers in the department of Neonatal Cardiovascular Research (Monash Newborn) at Monash Children's Hospital in Melbourne, Australia studied 30 preterm babies born at 24 weeks (full term is 40 weeks) receiving low-dose Dex (1mg or less per kilo for 10 days) to help their lung development. A bedside echocardiogram was done on the babies to measure cardiorespiratory indices before and after receiving this steroid.
The research team found that the lower dose of Dex lead to reduced respiratory support requirements and no left ventricular hypertrophy (thickening of the walls of the heart). Furthermore, they found significant lowering of resistance and pressure in the babies' lungs, which allows better blood circulation and therefore better oxygenation.
Lead author and clinician-researcher Professor Sehgal said, 'This study came out of clinical experience. We knew that the lower dose regimen worked from a respiratory perspective, but what was new was the knowledge that it improves lung blood circulation, and does not adversely affect the heart.
Parents of preterm babies suffer from a lot of understandable anxiety, which is exacerbated by being able to find out on the internet about the side-effects of the higher dose of dexamethasone. This study will reassure them and the clinicians that the lower dose both works well on the lungs and leaves the heart architecture unaffected.'
Reference:
Cardiorespiratory adaptation to low dose dexamethasone for lung disease in extremely preterm infants: A prospective echocardiographic study. Arvind Sehgal, Marcel F. Nold, Calum T. Roberts, Samuel Menahem DOI 10.1113/JP282973