Covid-19 Pandemic Strategies

Hand washing, sanitization, social distancing, and lockdowns have become norms of society during the Covid-19 pandemic. However, there may be a difference of opinion regarding the period of lockdown for effective containment of the disease.

Chowdhury R, Heng K, Shawon SR, et al. have forwarded the research findings regarding lockdown strategy in their article written in BMJ. They have reported that according to an international modelling study, an alternating cycle of 50 days of lockdown followed by 30 days of easing could be an effective strategy for reducing deaths and intensive care admissions from Covid-19. The study has been published in the European Journal of Epidemiology.

The likely impact of alternating lockdown and intervals of more relaxed social distancing may be a practical approach amid concerns that lockdowns may be unsustainable over long periods because of their economic and social impact.

The study modelled three scenarios across 16 economically diverse countries, comparing less strict "mitigation" strategies with "suppression" strategies:

• Case-based isolation, shielding vulnerable groups, school closures, and restricting public events
• Suppression strategies (strict physical distancing, including lockdown) and following each with a relaxation period (case-based home isolation of symptomatic cases and shielding vulnerable groups)

Rajiv Chowdhury, global health epidemiologist at the University of Cambridge and lead author on the paper, said, "Our models predict that dynamic cycles of 50-day suppression followed by a 30-day relaxation are effective at lowering the number of deaths significantly for all countries throughout the 18-month period.

"This intermittent combination of strict social distancing, and a relatively relaxed period with efficient testing, case isolation, contact tracing, and shielding the vulnerable, may allow populations and their national economies to 'breathe' at intervals—a potential that might make this solution more sustainable, especially in resource-poor regions."

The UK was not among the countries modelled, but Chowdhury said that the effects would probably be very similar to those projected in other high-income countries.

Scenarios Modelled

First Scenario

In the first scenario, which modelled the impact of imposing no measures, the number of patients requiring treatment in intensive care units (ICUs) would quickly exceed the available capacity considerably in all 16 countries, resulting in 7.8 million deaths in total, and the epidemic would last nearly 200 days in most countries, the researchers found.

But this would need to be accompanied by efficient testing, case isolation, contact tracing, and shielding of vulnerable people, said researchers from the Global Dynamic Interventions Strategies for Covid-19 Collaborative Group.

Second Scenario

The second scenario modelled a rolling cycle of 50-day mitigation measures followed by a 30-day relaxing. Such a strategy would probably reduce the R number (the number of people that each infected individual goes on to infect) to 0.8 in all countries. But it suggested that, after the first relaxation, the number of patients requiring ICU care would exceed hospital capacity and result in 3.5 million deaths throughout the 16 countries. In this scenario, the pandemic would last about 12 months in high-income countries and 18 months or longer in the other settings, the study estimated.

Final Scenario

The final scenario was a rolling cycle of stricter 50-day suppression measures followed by a 30-day relaxing. This strategy would reduce the R number to 0.5 and keep ICU demand within national capacity in all countries. It would result in a longer pandemic, exceeding 18 months in all countries, but considerably fewer people would die during that period—just over 130,000 throughout the 16 countries, the researchers estimated.

The experts, however, feel that it is not simple to ascertain which strategy to choose in different countries with diverse socioeconomic status. It will be an enigma for low-income countries to choose between preventing Covid-19 related deaths and public health system failure and long-term economic collapse and hardship. There is a need for a different approach for different geographical areas.

For further reference log on to:

Chowdhury R, Heng K, Shawon SR, et al. Dynamic interventions to control Covid-19 pandemic: a multivariate prediction modelling study comparing 16 worldwide countries. Eur J Epidemiol 2020.