Although binge drinking and moderate to high consumption of alcohol are both established risk factors for AF, comparatively less is known about the effect of low alcohol consumption and one of the most common question that clinicians face while handling paients with atrial fibrillation is "can I just take one drink daily?"
Seeking answer to this common query, Tu et al through an observational analysis published recently in JACC Clinical Electrophysiology have shown that low levels of alcohol consumption (<7 UK standard drinks [56 g alcohol]/week) were associated with lowest AF risk. Small amounts of alcohol consumption appeared to protect against AF, but such protection was largely limited to wine and was not observed with beer consumption.
J-shape association has been repeatedly observed when studying the relationship between alcohol and a variety of health outcomes, including acute coronary syndrome, heart failure, and even overall mortality. If modest alcohol consumption is associated with a reduction in the risk of these important end points, shouldn't it also confer the same benefit in the context of AF?
In this regard, the present study sought to characterize associations of total and beverage-specific alcohol consumption with incident atrial fibrillation (AF). Using data from the UK Biobank, total and beverage-specific alcohol consumption was calculated as UK standard drinks (8 g alcohol) per week. Past drinkers and those with a history of AF were excluded. Incident AF events were assessed through hospitalization and death records, and dose-response associations were characterized.
1. Over a median follow-up time of 11.4 years a total of 21,312 incident AF events occurred in 403,281 participants.
2. A J-shaped association of total alcohol consumption was observed, with lowest risk of AF with fewer than 7 drinks/week.
3. Beverage-specific analyses demonstrated harmful associations of beer/cider consumption with any consumption.
4. In contrast, consumption of red wine, white wine, and spirits up to 10, 8, and 3 drinks/week, respectively, was not associated with increased risk.
So what do I tell my patients?
In an accompanying editorial Dewland et al note, "It should also be recognized that the current analysis does not necessarily support the adoption of alcohol consumption to reduce AF risk, as it is uncertain if nondrinkers who deliberately consume low levels of alcohol would experience similar protection."
The reduction in AF risk with modest wine, but not beer, consumption will raise speculation regarding beneficial or harmful substances found in these drinks.
Dewland et al further stress, "For secondary AF prevention, the message should be alcohol abstinence, especially if alcohol is a personal trigger for acute AF episodes. For primary AF prevention, it is possible that continued consumption of some alcohol may be reasonable, but the exact threshold is unclear and is likely a very low amount."
These findings from this study may have important implications for the primary prevention of AF that should be explored in future studies.
Source: JACC Clinical Electrophysiology
1. Risk Thresholds for Total and Beverage-Specific Alcohol Consumption and Incident Atrial Fibrillation. JACC Clin Electrophysiol 2021
2. Dewland TA, Marcus GM. Can a Drink a Day Keep the Electrophysiologist Away? JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2021 Jul 21:S2405-500X(21)00593-4. doi: 10.1016/j.jacep.2021.06.010